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Handbook Of Wisdom
 
Handbook Of WisdomSternberg, Robert J. (EDT)/ Jordan, Jennifer (EDT)Psychological Perspectives
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A Handbook of Wisdom is a collection of chapters from some of the most prominent scholars in the field of wisdom research. It gives an in-depth understanding of philosophical, psychological, and religious theories of wisdom and provides the most current synthesis of the research that has been done to define what wisdom is and how it exists in different cultures and peoples. It gives readers interested in past, current, and future inquiry on wisdom an experience that is representative of the diversity of viewpoints that exist in literature and science.
Jennifer Jordan (Ph.D., Yale University) received her doctorate in social psychology from Yale University and is currently a post-doctoral fellow for the Allwin Initiative for Corporate Citizenship at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Her research interests include moral leadership, awareness, and decision-making within the business domain. In collaboration with Robert Sternberg, she co-edited A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. She is also a 2004 recipient of the Yale University John F. Enders Research Grant, an American Psychological Association Dissertation Award, and the 2005 Academy of Management SIM Division Dissertation Award.
Cambridge University Press 0521834015 - A Handbook of Wisdom - Psychological Perspectives - Edited by Robert J. Sternberg and Jennifer Jordan Index Author IndexAchenbaum, W.A., 33, 43, 45, 46, 99 Adams, C., 38, 49, 98 Adler, M.J., 5 Albert, R.A., 149 Albino, A., 146 Aldwin, C.M., 193 Allen, J.L., 196 Allport, G.W., 202, 204, 208, 211 Ames, R., 248, 254 Amin, I., 340 Anderson, B.J., 150 Anderson, J.R., 166 Andresen, J., 319 Aquinas, T., 7, 227 Ardelt, M., 23, 45, 51, 85, 130, 177, 202, 212, 228 Aristotle, 5, 22, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 227, 253, 256 Arlin, P.K., 44, 140, 195, 275 Arnett, J.J., 144, 146 Asahara, Shoukou, 41 Ashoka (Indian leader), 299, 315 Asimov, I., 311 Aspinwall, L.G., 111 Assanand, S., 211 Assman, A., 33, 34, 35, 110, 199, 200 Aurelius, M., 299, 315 Austin, E.J., 337 Axelrod, R., 310 Ayduk, O., 337 Bacon, F., 9, 10 Baltes, M.M., 127 Baltes, P.B., 20, 33, 44, 45, 52, 84, 85, 86, 96, 98, 101, 102, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 150, 151, 154, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, 208, 210, 211, 224, 230, 237, 250, 263, 275, 276, 343, 357, 361, 365 Bandura, A., 141, 148 Barber, C., 22, 86, 98, 356 Barber, J.D., 315 Barclay, C.R., 147 Barenboim, C., 147 Barnes, J., 254 Baron, 100 Barrett, F.L., 220, 228 Barrett, W., 35 Basseches, M.A., 43, 195 Bates, C.A., 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 25 Beattie, O., 235 Berg, C.A., 163, 166, 170, 171 Berg, S.A., 221 Berlin, I., 312, 321 Berlusconi, S., 332 Bernstein, M., 90 Berry, W., 360 Birren, J.E., 15, 20, 33, 38, 87, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110, 113, 115, 139, 145, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 171, 176, 178, 185, 195, 201, 366 Blakeny, R.B., 258 Blanchard-Fields, F.C., 44, 45, 51, 147, 203, 205 Blasi, A., 202 Blenky, M.F., 26 Block, J., 203 Bloom, A., 278, 291 Bluck, S., 99, 151 Bluhm, W.T., 310 Boehmig-Krumhaar, S.A., 122, 154, 198 Boesch, E.E., 48 Bok, D., 311 Bordia, P., 40, 164, 167, 169, 171 Bradley, P., 206 Brenner, H.G., 23, 45, 115, 139, 140, 195, 276 Brewer, G.D., 301 Brickhouse, T.C., 305 Brown, J.D., 131 Brown, W.S., 165, 353, 356 Brownell, H., 46 Brugman, G., 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, 84 Bruner, J., 288, 363 Bryce, G.E., 34 Buddha, 97 Bühler, C., 202, 204, 208 Bulka, D., 207 Burns, J.M., 315, 321 Bush, G. W., 332 Butler, J., 267 Caesar, J., 315 Camacho, J., 93 Campbell, D.T., 226, 321 Campbell, J.D., 211 Carraher, D.W., 340 Carraher, T.N., 340 Carroll, J.B., 340 Cartensen, L.L., 46, 51 Carver, C.S., 193 Case, 142 Caspi, A., 51, 144, 145, 202 Catanzaro, S.J., 52 Cattell, R.B., 116, 340 Cavanaugh, J.C., 33 Ceci, S.J., 340, 341 Chamberlain, N., 332 Chandler, H.M., 24, 38 Chandler, M.J., 23, 33, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 113, 139, 141, 145, 195, 201, 276 Chavez, H., 339 Chinen, A.B., 46, 47, 49, 53 Chiodo, L.M., 207 Christie, A., 257 Chrosniak, L.D., 51 Churchill, W. Clark, A., 361 Clayton, V.P., 19, 20, 33, 38, 87, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110, 113, 139, 145, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 171, 176, 178, 185, 195, 201 Clinchy, B.M., 26 Clinton, W., 41, 331 Cloninger, C.R., 208 Cohn, L.D., 146 Colby, A., 147, 235 Collins, S., 257 Confucius, 9, 32, 97, 239, 248, 249, 250, 253, 262, 303, 306 Conroy, P., 310 Conway, B.E., 90 Conway, D., 61 Conway, M.A., 149 Cook, T.D., 321 Cooper, M.L., 146 Cooper, R.N., 313 Cornelius, S.W., 51 Costa, F.M., 146 Costa, P.T., 145, 211 Cottingham, J., 7, 10 Covey, H.C., 41 Cragg, K., 37 Crandall, R., 52 Creel, H.G., 308 Crenshaw, J., 34–35 Csikszentmihalyi, M., 3, 44, 45, 51, 85, 140, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 235, 236, 238, 255, 273, 274, 275, 359 Dalai Lama, 97 Damon, W., 144, 147, 148, 235, 274 Davis, 143 Davis, A., 283 Davis, H.G., 34 Davis, M., 52 Dawkins, R., 226 De Gaulle, C., 227 De Grazia, S., 319 De Leon, P., 301 de Leon, Ponce, 160, 186 Deary, I.J., 337 DeLeonardis, D.M., 333 Denney, N., 98, 99 Denton, S.M., 147 Descartes, R., 10, 76, 77, 78, 80 Deutsch, K., 312 DeVoe, M., 50, 203, 207 Dew, J., 98 Dewey, J., 12, 13 Dickinson, E., 231 DiClemente, R.J., 143 Diehl, M., 207, 211 Diessner, R., 177 Diogenes, 305 DiPaula, A., 211 Dittman-Kohli, F., 110, 111, 117 Dixon, R.A., 96, 115, 117, 170 Dodds, E.R., 304, 319 Dorfman, J., 79 Dörner, J., 203, 210, 211 Dorosz, M., 49 Dreyfus, H., 79 Dreyfus, S., 79 Drudge, M., 275 Durant, W., 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Durkin, K., 202, 203 Dweck, C.S., 335 Dyer, W., 8 Easterly, W., 318 Einstein, D., 204 Elizabeth II (Queen), 97 Elkind, D., 338 Emerson, R.W., 272 Epstein, S., 333 Ericsson, K.A., 119, 173 Erikson, E.H., 19, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 114, 128, 144, 191, 193, 202, 204, 208, 211, 273 Erikson, J.M., 47, 144 Etheredge, L.S., 297, 314, 315, 322 Fabricius, W.V., 147 Faherty, R.L., 34 Farrell, A.H., 87, 90, 93, 94, 96 Faulkender, P., 101, 161, 167, 168 Fernandez-Armesto, F., 311 Fischer, K.W., 179 Fischoff, 143 Fisher, D., 204 Fisher, L.M., 15, 33, 115, 366 Flusser, D., 34 Fogel, R.W., 301 Forman, R.K., 319 Frankl, V., 228 Franklin, B., 183 Franks, B.A., 143 Frederic, L., 258 Frederickson, B.L., 220 Freud, S., 208, 309 Freund, A.M., 110, 127 Fuller, J., 250 Gailbraith, J.K., 288 Gallie, W.B., 245 Gamson, W., 304 Gandhi, M., 32, 41, 97, 182, 300 Gardner, H., 111, 129, 273, 274 Gardner, J., 287, 290, 292 Gautama, Siddhartha (Prince), 8 Gibbon, E., 299 Gibbs, J., 147 Gilbert, D., 332 Ginzberg, E., 317 Glück, J., 84, 99, 100, 104, 111, 141, 151, 224 Goguen, L.A., 207 Goldberger, N.R., 26 Goldston, R.B., 50 Goodman, N., 276 Gorbachev, M., 300 Gough, H.G., 199, 203, 206 Graham, A.C., 257 Grant, R.M., 34 Greenwald, A.G., 194 Grigorenko, E.L., 337 Gross, J.J., 124, 220 Gross, R.M., 320 Grühn, D., 125 Habermas, J., 224 Hadot, P., 11, 305 Hakim-Larson, J., 50, 203, 204 Hall, D., 248, 254 Hall, G.S., 110 Halpern, D.F., 337 Halpern-Felsher, B.L., 143 Hamilton, A., 317 Hammond, K., 79 Hanna, S.E., 145 Hansen, W.B., 143 Happe, F.G.H., 46, 51 Harms, P.D., 88, 97 Harrison, L.E., 311 Harter, S., 144, 194 Hartman, P.S., 230, 235 Haselager, G.J., 145 Hashimoto, A., 181 Hashtroudi, S., 51, 333 Hastings, C.T., 211 Hauser, S.T., 202 Heath, D.H., 202 Heath, H.E., 202 Heckhausen, J., 96, 170, 171 Heidegger, M., 319 Helson, R., 45, 110, 114, 130, 193, 202, 203, 206, 207, 230 Henderson, H., 235, 236 Hershey, D.A., 87, 90, 93, 94, 96 Heston, C., 236 Himmelfarb, G., 308 Hira, F., 101, 161, 167, 168 Hirschman, A.O., 318 Hitler, A., 41, 42 Hobart, C.J., 49, 205 Hofer, S.M., 116 Holliday, S., 23, 33, 38, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 113, 139, 141, 145, 195, 201, 276 Holmes, J.G., 145, 149 Holt, R.R., 203 Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version, 6 Horn, J.L., 116, 340 Horowitz, H., 46 Horvath, J.A., 196 Hugo, V., 160 Hui, H.C., 52 Hume, D., 250, 265, 267, 268 Hunsberger, B., 177 Huntington, S.P., 311 Hussein, S., 41, 42, 340 Huxley, A., 319 Hy, L.X., 204, 211 Ide, S., 39, 41 Inghilleri, P., 226 Inhelder, B., 142 Irwin, R.R., 195 Irwin, T., 76 James, W., 12, 315, 316, 319, 320 Janis, I.L., 315 Jason, L.A., 93, 94, 96, 98 Jaspers, K., 308 Jay, J., 317 Jensen, A.R., 340 Jessor, 146 Jesus Christ, 97 Joachim, H., 77 John Paul II (Pope), 41 Johnson, L.B.J., 288 Johnson, M.K., 51, 333 Johnston, R.K., 354 Joiner, T., 220 Jones, A., 52 Jordan, J., 338 Jowett, B., 306 Jung, C., 13, 99, 204, 208 Kahlbaugh, P.E., 50 Kahneman, D., 333 Kant, I., 11, 259 Kaplan, C., 38, 98 Karoly, P., 193 Kasl, S.V., 164 Katz, J., 35 Kaufman, Les, 285 Kawai, H., 36 Keating, D.P., 142, 143 Kegan, R., 46 Kekes, J., 46, 49, 110, 126, 263 Keller, M., 147 Keltner, D., 124 Ketron, J.L., 90 Keyes, C.L., 211 Khan, G., 349 Kihlstrom, J., 79 King, C., 93 King, M.L., 97, 365 Kitchener, K.S., 23, 115, 139, 140, 179, 195, 276 Kitchener, R.F., 34, 44, 45 Kivnick, H.Q., 47 Klaczynski, P.A., 143 Kleinmuntz, B., 79 Klohnen, E.C., 206 Knight, A., 101, 104 Kogan, N., 149 Kohlberg, L., 26, 147, 177, 254 Kramer, D.A., 15, 22, 45, 46, 50, 52, 110, 114, 115, 126, 128, 195, 221, 232, 249, 275 Kramer, S.N., 4 Kroupa, S., 98 Kuhn, T., 273 Kunkel, S.R., 164 Kunzmann, U., 84, 101, 102, 110, 111, 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 141, 144, 146, 165, 177, 200, 201, 211, 224 Kupperman, J.J., 248, 253, 257, 268 Kyllonen, P.C., 147 Labouvie-Vief, G., 33, 45, 46, 49, 50, 84, 114, 140, 141, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 221, 275 Lander, A., 97 Lane, R.E., 318 Langer, E., 338 Lanning, K., 204 Lao Tzu, 8 Lappé, F.M., 283, 292 Lapsley, D.K., 147 Lasswell, H.D., 301 Lau, D.C., 258 Lautry, J., 129 Lave, J., 341 Lazarus, R.S., 220 Lee, D.M., 195 L’Engle, M., 234, 235, 236 Lenski, G., 303 Lerner, R.M., 33 Lévi-Strauss, C., 277 Levitt, H.M., 39 Levy, B.R., 164 Lewinsky, M., 332, 344 Lewis, C.G., 143 Li, J., 37, 51 Li, S., 110 Lichtheim, M., 34 Lieberman, M., 147 Lieberthal, K., 322 Liepold, B., 198 Light, P.C., 301 Liker, J., 341 Lindblom, C.E., 317 Lindenberger, U., 44, 116, 117 Lindsay, D.S., 333 Linville, P.W., 210, 211 Little, T.D., 131 Locke, J., 10, 11 Lockery, D., 337 Loevinger, J., 24, 145, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211 Lombardo, M.M., 336 Lopez, D.F., 142, 181, 199 Lopez, S.J., 111, 129 Lorr, M., 203 Lowns, B., 289 Lubart, T.I., 21, 129 Luther, M., 222 Lynch, C., 179 Lyster, T., 228, 232, 235 Machiavelli, N., 308, 309 Maciel, A.G., 122, 142, 164, 198, 199 MacIntyre, A., 75, 362, 365 Madison, J., 317 Madsen, D., 93 Maeda, D., 41 Maercker, A., 98, 121, 162, 198, 207 Magee, B., 4, 10, 11 Mandela, N., 32, 43, 97, 300, 301, 303 Manis, F.R., 143 Manners, J., 202, 203 Manning, T.T., 203 Mansbridge, J., 304 Marchese, W., 93 Markovits, H., 143, 312 Maslow, A.H., 51, 204, 208, 211, 305, 306, 319 Mayer, J.D., 129 Mayhew, D.R., 317 McAdams, D.P., 24, 100, 212 McCauley, C.D., 336 McClelland, D.C., 311 McCrae, R.R., 211 McCullough, L., 203 McDougal, M.S., 301 McGinn, B., 35 McKee, P., 22, 86, 98, 356 McRae, R.R., 145 Meacham, J.A., 22, 41, 44, 45, 139, 140, 161, 171, 224, 230, 275 Mearns, J., 52 Medler, M., 200, 207 Melko, M., 311 Menander, 162 Mencius, 255, 258, 262 Mencken, H.L., 162 Merton, R.K., 319 Mickler, C., 203, 205, 208, 209, 211 Milgram, S., 260 Mill, J.S., 252 Millenson, M.L., 322 Millstein, S.G., 143 Mischel, W., 337 Misra, G., 36 Moffitt, T.E., 202 Moldoveanu, M., 337 Montagu, A., 311 Montaigne, M., 9, 222 Montgomery, A., 87, 98 Montgomery, J.D., 301 Moody, H.R., 36 Moore, G.E., 78 Morrison, F.J., 143 Moshman, D., 143 Mother Teresa, 41, 97, 183 Muck, T.C., 320 Mugabe, R., 339 Muir, W.K., 316 Muller, J.Z., 318 Murdoch, I., 252, 306, 319 Murphy, M.N., 147 Murray, C.A., 311 Myers, D., 79 Nakamura, J., 229 Narasimham, G., 143 Nehrke, M.F., 212 Neisser, U., 88 Nesselroade, J., 172 Nieman, S., 303 Niemoller, M., 347 Nietzsche, F., 51, 309 Nigro, C., 142 Nisbett, R.A., 39, 41, 312 Nitobe, I., 37 Nixon, R.M., 300, 315, 344 Noam, G., 202, 210 Nolan, P., 303 Nolde, S.F., 333 Norris, L., 44, 45 Northrop, F.S.C., 36 Nuegarten, 204 Nuñes, T., 340 Nyquist, L., 38, 98 Ober, J., 305, 317 O’Connor, D.J., 76 Odajnyk, W., 306 Oelmüller, W., 110 Ogletree, C., 281, 283, 292 Ohta, K., 36 Okagaki, L., 349 Oppenheimer, R., 222 Orcutt, H.K., 146 Orwoll, L., 33, 38, 43, 45, 46, 99, 113, 115, 139, 167, 207, 211, 250, 275 Ostrom, E., 310 Overton, W.F., 32, 34, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 85, 143 Palmore, E., 41 Pals, J.L., 144 Pancer, S.M., 177 Pankove, E., 149 Paranjpe, A.C., 36, 48 Parr, W., 101, 104 Parrott, W.G., 220 Pasupathi, M., 122, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151, 164, 165, 177, 182, 198, 199, 200 Paulhus, D.L., 88, 97 Peirce, C., 76 Pennebaker, J.W., 110 Pericles, 299 Perkins, D.N., 336 Perlmutter, M., 38, 98, 103, 113, 115, 139, 167, 211, 250, 275 Peters, R.S., 12 Peterson, B.E., 206 Peterson, C., 224, 227 Piaget, J., 26, 142, 147, 207 Plato, 5, 62, 74, 75, 78, 81, 227, 250, 305, 306, 307 Plotkin, H., 359 Pollack, R., 71 Polyanyi, M., 196 Ponton, L.E., 143 Post, J.M., 315 Powell, C., 316 Pratkanis, A.R., 194 Pratt, A., 177 Pratt, M.W., 177 Prinz, J., 62 Pythagoras (mathematician), 78 Quadrel, 143 Rad, G., 34–35 Rankin, J.L., 196 Rathunde, K., 3, 44, 45, 51, 140, 223, 227, 275, 359 Rawls, J., 252 Readers Digest Association, 4 Reeve, C.D.C., 35 Reichenbach, 78 Reichler, A., 93 Renshon, S., 315 Reps, P., 247 Rest, J.R., 24 Riediger, M., 127 Riegel, K.F., 50, 115 Roazzi, A., 340 Robbins, T., 305 Roberts, B.W., 144, 145, 202 Robinson, D.N., 13, 32, 33, 35, 69, 167 Rogers, C., 51, 204, 208, 211 Rohlen, T.P., 36 Rokeach, M., 301 Rondinelli, D.A., 301 Roosevelt, F.D.R., 315 Röper, G., 202, 210 Rosch, E., 88 Rosengarten, T., 360 Rosenmayr, L., 27, 32 Ross, 76 Rubin, D.C., 142, 149 Ruderman, M.N., 336 Rudolph, K., 169 Russell, B., 10, 11 Ryff, C.D., 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 211 Rylaarsdam, J.C., 34 Ryle, G., 246 Sadat, A., 317 Safranski, R., 310 Salovey, P., 129, 131, 220, 228 Sander, E.T., 34 Sarna, N.M., 34 Schaie, K.W., 162, 175, 182 Scheier, M.F., 193 Schell, D., 49 Schliemann, A.D., 340 Schloss, J., 359 Schmutte, P.S., 205, 206 Schneider, 238 Schoeberlein, S., 50, 203 Schopenhauer, A., 11 Schrauf, R.W., 149 Schulkind, M.D., 142, 149 Schwanenflugel, P.J., 147 Scott, L.R., 311 Searle, J.R., 191 Searles, H.F., 317 Seligman, M.E.P., 85, 224, 227 Selman, R.L., 147 Senzaki, N., 247 Shames, V., 79 Sharp, A., 145 Sheldon, W.H., 34, 36 Short, J.C., 145 Silver, C.B., 180 Simon, H.A., 119 Simonton, D.K., 311 Sinnott, J.D., 33, 43, 45, 50, 196 Slade, M.D., 164 Smith, D.G., 298, 317 Smith, J.E., 20, 33, 52, 86, 98, 101, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 131, 139, 140, 142, 150, 151, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 250, 275, 276, 343, 357, 361, 365 Smith, N.D., 61, 305 Snyder, C.R., 111, 129 Socrates, 5, 27, 32, 78, 97, 261 Solomon (King), 7, 97 Sophocles, 160 Sorrentino, R.M., 145 Sowarka, D., 38, 85, 98, 99, 104, 110, 113, 139, 201 Srivastava, S., 193, 206, 207 St. Augustine, 7, 35, 78, 227, 303 Stange, A., 101, 102 Stanislaw, J., 318 Stanovich, K.E., 337 Stanton, J.M., 211 Staudinger, U.M., 20, 44, 45, 51, 85, 98, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 230, 237, 263, 343, 361 de St. Aubin, E., 212 Steigmann-Gall, R., 222 Stein, G., 87 Stendahl, K., 34 Sternberg, R.J., 21, 32, 38, 41, 42, 44, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 101, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 118, 126, 128, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 148, 161, 165, 167, 170, 171, 176, 193, 196, 199, 201, 210, 211, 221, 223, 232, 237, 246, 250, 251, 263, 265, 268, 275, 333, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 353, 361–362, 365 Stone, L.D., 110 Strausser, D.I., 97 Strawson, P.F., 253 Strivastava, A.K., 36 Stroll, A., 79 Sutton, K.J., 193 Suvasini, C., 36 Suzuki, D.T., 36, 51 Taft, L.B., 212 Takahashi, M., 33, 39, 40, 41, 46, 85, 164, 167, 169, 171 Takayama, M., 38, 39 Taranto, M.A., 21 Tarule, J.M., 26 Taylor, C., 340 Taylor, S.E., 131 Tertullian, 74 Tolkein, J.R.R., 298 Toynbee, A.J., 311 Tuchman, B.W., 297, 300 Turbin, M.S., 146 Turiel, E., 141, 147 Turner, F.M., 306 Tversky, A., 333 Twain, M., 261 United States Catholic Conference, 318 Vachon, R., 143 Vaillant, G.E., 193, 203, 238 Valdez, J.M., 39 Van Buren, A., 162 van Lieshout, C.F., 145 Vandenberg, B., 44 Wagner, R.K., 196, 336, 349 Waldmeir, P., 301 Ward, S.L., 143 Waterman, A.S., 201 Waynryb, C., 147 Weaverdyck, S., 49 Weber, M., 316, 366 Webster, J.D., 85, 202, 212 Wehr, P., 88, 97 Wessler, R., 202, 207 Westenberg, P.M., 203 Whitehead, A.N., 321 Wiese, B.S., 127 Wilber, K., 319 Wilde, O., 160 Will, G., 315 Williams, B., 253 Williams, W.M., 196 Wilson, E.O., 226, 233 Wilson, J.Q., 321 Winfrey, O., 97 Wink, P., 45, 110, 114, 130, 193, 203, 206, 207, 230 Winner, E., 46 Wittgenstein, L., 78 Wolman, B.B., 13 Wood, J., 34 Wood, P., 147, 179 Wood, P.K., 146 Woodruff, D.S., 195 Woodruff-Pak, D.S., 33 World populations prospects population database, 2000–2020, 163 Worthington, I., 317 Wulff, D.M., 319, 320 Yagananda, P., 48 Yalom, I.D., 44 Yang, S., 38, 39, 41 Yee, C., 52 Yergin, D., 318 Yutang, L., 9 Zeno (philosopher), 75 Zubek, J.M., 145 Subject Index“acknowledged dependence, ”, 362, 365 ad baculum (appeal to force) argument, 334 Ad Hoc Committee to Defend Health Care, 290 ad hominem (against the person) arguments, 333–3+34 abusive, 334 “guilt by association, ”, 334 vested interest, 334 “you too, ”, 334 ad verencundiam (appeal to authority) argument, 334–335 adolescence analogy solving during, 142 autobiographical experiences and, 149–150 creativity development during, 148–149 decision-making competence and, 143 deductive reasoning development during, 143 intellectual development during, 142–144 knowledge development during, 147 knowledge-action differentiation during, 356 moral reasoning and, 147–148 open-mindedness and, 142 personality development and, 144 perspective taking during, 147 relationship patterns during, 151 risk considerations during, 143 wisdom development during, 141–144, 150–152 The Advancement of Learning (Bacon), 10 affect complexity, 207 affect optimization, 207 Age of Enlightenment wisdom during, 10, 11 aging in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 166 cognitive mechanics growth and, 170 cohort effects and, 185 Crystallized wisdom model and, 161–162 decline wisdom model and, 161 future demographics for, 163 isolation and, 181, 184 life experience and, 169 life planning tasks and, 172 life review tasks and, 174 medical technologies’ effects on, 181–182 normative/nonnormative life decisions as part of, 172 positive wisdom model and, 161 professional specializations as result of, 174 wisdom and, 27, 96–97, 106, 171, 184 ambiguity wisdom and, 196 Analects (Confucius), 37, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255, 263 analogy solving during adolescence, 142 appreciative wisdom, 354–355 problems with, 354 arguments from ignorance, 335 argumentum ad misericordium (appeal to pity) arguments, 335 argumentum ad populum (appeal to popularity) arguments, 335 Aristotelian wisdom, 66–70 five conditions for, 67 “immediate” propositions in, 73 practical wisdom as part of, 67–70 scientific knowledge vs. philosophy in, 71–73 Atharva-veda, 8 assassination, 303 autobiographical narratives adolescence and, 100, 149–150 empathy/support as part of, 100 flexibility in, 100 “reminiscence bumps” as part of, 149 self-determination as part of, 100 wisdom and, 99–100 automatic processing systems intuition and, 79 balance theory (wisdom), 196–197, 246, 251, 252, 268, 275, 348 academic intelligence in, 196 in reasoning, 21 tacit knowledge as part of, 21 belief-independent spiritual growth, 321 Berkeley Guidance Study, 228 Berlin wisdom paradigm, 20, 111, 116–127, 148, 153, 166, 172, 179, 180, 185, 191, 195, 197–201, 208, 224 age-related limits in, 166 cognitive style in, 199–200 communal wisdom in, 361 creativity and, 166, 178 expert knowledge as part of, 166, 178 factual knowledge as part of, 197 five components as part of, 20 general factors within, 166 historical background for, 116–117 life expertise as part of, 197 lifespan contextualism as part of, 197 modifying factors within, 166 person centered paradigm within, 20 personal growth within, 199 personality in, 198–201 procedural knowledge as part of, 197 specific factors within, 166 uncertainty management in, 197 validation of, 198 value relativism in, 197 wisdom measurement as part of, 197–198 Bhagavad Gita, 256, 257 biological conservation, 286–287 Book of the Way and Virtue, 8 boundary-crossing, 273 generative wisdom and, 277 in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359 in wisdom literature, 275 “worldmaking” and, 277 Bowling for Columbine, 236 Brett’s History of Psychology (Peters), 12 bricolage (concept) definition of, 277 bricoleurs (handyman), 277, 292 retrospection and, importance of, 277 British Empire platonic influences on, 306 Buddhism anatman doctrine as part of, 257 Four Noble Truths as part of, 8 hachido as part of, 36 satori as part of, 36 teaching basis for, 8 Zen, 37, 247, 258 California Psychological Inventory. See CPI Catholicism, 225 Chinese civilization age of, 8 choice in practical wisdom, 69–70 Christianity wisdom history within, 7 Chuang Tzu (Zhuangzi)(Dao text), 257 The City of God (St. Augustine), 303 Civil Rights Act, 281 civilizations Egyptian, 4 Greek, 4–5, 6 Mohenjo-daro, 8 Cocoon, 160 cognition conservative, 200 epistemic, 44 personality development and, 146–147 progressive, 200 in wisdom, 95 cognitive mechanics aging and, 170 of intellectual development, 116 unsystematic, 223 College Bowl, 331 common behavior wisdom, 357–359 in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 358 examples of, 357–358 metacognition in, 358 procedural knowledge in, 358 related actions for, 357 Common Cause, 288 communal wisdom, 360 “acknowledged dependence” in, 362 in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 361 “scaffolding” as part of, 362 competence wisdom and, 170, 247 Confucian ideal behavioral attitudes in, 265 Confucianism, 9 “constructive melancholy, ”, 124 coping research, 193 Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 288 CPI (California Psychological Inventory), 203, 206 creativity academic achievement and, 149 in adolescence, 148–149 Berlin wisdom paradigm and, 166, 178 ideational flexibility as part of, 148 intuition and, role in, 79–80 uniqueness and, 165 “Creativity in Later Life” study, 234 Crystallized wisdom model aging and, 161–162 culturally inclusive developmental wisdom model, 43–46 analytic mode within, 43, 44 empirical studies for, 51–53 epistemic cognition in, 44 expert knowledge systems in, 44 “knowing and doubting” as part of, 44 problem solving as part of, 44 synthetic mode within, 43–44 WAIS-R and, 52 “whole-part relationships” in, 43 culture in implicit wisdom theories, role of, 38–39 wisdom perceptions and, 169–170 Daoism, 257–258 darshana, 36 decline wisdom model aging and, 161 deductive reasoning in adolescence, 143 deliberation in wisdom, 68 democracies, 316–317 history of, 302–303 public policy and, role in, 319 as system, 316 descriptor-rating studies, 91–93, 102 characteristic generation in, 93 data analyses for, 94–95 factor analysis in, 94 MDS and, 94, 95 ratings for, 93–94 subcomponents’ role in, 95–96 dialectical thinking psychological wisdom models and, 115 Dialogues (Plato), 248 Diet for a Small Planet (Lappé), 284 discernment (in wisdom), 355–357 intuition formulations as part of, 356 “discovered life” theme, 235 Doctrine of the Mean (Confucius), 254 dysrationalia, 337 Eastern wisdom, 7–9, 36–37 darshana as part of, 36 goi as part of, 36 Mohenjo-dara civilization and, role in, 8 Upanishads as part of, 8 “Vedas” and, role in, 8 economic markets, 317–318 moral arguments for, 318 public policy and, role in, 319 as system, 316 ego development, 145 levels of, 203 “openness to experience” and, 204 personal maturity and, 204 personality characteristics and, 203–204 social maturity and, 204 wisdom and, 202–204 ego integrity (wisdom development), 49 despair vs., 19 ego levels, 203 neuroticism’s effect on, 204 egocentrism fallacy, 338 Egyptian civilization wisdom literature in, 4 emic perceptions, 278 emotion knowledge activation as result of, 124 wisdom and, 123–125, 200–201 empathy-hypothesis wisdom and, 125, 365 empirical philosophy, 10 primary qualities in, 10 secondary qualities in, 10 “enantiodromia, ” 25 Encyclopedia Britannica, 331 Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 61 enjoyment, 229 episteme (scientific knowledge), 71 intuition and, 75 sophia vs., 73 epistemic cognition, 44 ESM (Experience Sampling Method), 238 Essays (Bacon), 9 Essays (Montaigne), 222 Essays Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 10 essence in scientific knowledge, 72–73 ethics, 252 Aristotelian vs. Confucian, 254 judgments as part of, 253 morality and, 252 psychological research and, 245 wisdom and, 263–268 Ethics (Aristotle), 66, 69, 70 etic perceptions, 278 eudaemonia, 24, 79, 80, 256 eudaimonic well-being, 204 Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 66 Experience Sampling Method. See ESM expertise basic criteria for, 117, 166 Berlin wisdom paradigm and, 166, 178 criteria development for, 117–118 metacriteria for, 117 psychological wisdom model factors, 119 wisdom and, 115, 139 explicit wisdom theories, 89, 105 implicit wisdom theory and, 90 implict/explicit dichotomy in, 89–90 moral reasoning as part of, 176 extant wisdom, 192 fallacies of relevance, 333 ad baculum argument in, 334 ad hominem arguments in, 333–334 ad verencundiam argument in, 334–335 argument from ignorance in, 335 argumentum ad misericordium arguments in, 335 argumentum ad populum arguments in, 335 representativeness heuristic in, 334–335 “should” statements in, 335 “straw man” arguments as part of, 334 Federalist Papers, 310 Five Ching (Confucius), 9 foolishness theories, 335–338, 339 domain specificity in, 349 dysrationalia and, 337 egocentrism fallacy, 338 invulnerability fallacy, 339 mindlessness in, 338 omnipotence fallacy, 339 omniscience fallacy, 338–339 practical intelligence and, 340–344, 349 unrealistic optimism fallacy, 338 wisdom and, 343–349 foundationalism wisdom and, 63–64 “Fountain of Youth, ”, 160 Four Noble Truths, 8 “full functionality, ”, 51 gender wisdom and, 106 general wisdom, 191–192, 212 Neopiagetian approaches to, 195–196 generative wisdom boundary-crossing and, 273, 277 educational implications for, 292 emic perceptions in, 278 etic perceptions in, 278 examples of, 278–283 professionals and, 272 in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359 Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (Eysenck), 14 “Gilgamesh, ” 4 The Godfather, 309 goi, 36 Good Work Project, 277 Great Society program, 288 Greek civilization Milesian school and, 4 philosophy and, role in, 35 reason vs. religion in, 4 Socratic method and, 5 wisdom history for, 4–6 guidance, 98 hachido, 36 Handbook of General Psychology (Wolman), 13 hara (abdomen), 36 Harvard Study of Aging, 238 Hebrews wisdom history for, 6–7 wisdom literature for, 34–35 heuristics in fallacies of relevance, 334–335 in self-related wisdom, 209 hunger issues, 283–285 ideational flexibility, 148 Iliad (Homer), 64, 65 implicit wisdom theories, 38–43, 86–89, 105 cultural implications within, 38–39 daily applications of, 89 descriptor-rating studies in, 91–93 experimental studies of, 100–102 explicit theory formation as result of, 90 explicit/implicit dichotomy in, 89–90 individual differences in, 103–105 interactive factors for, 105–106 interpersonal level in, 89 intrapersonal level in, 89 MDS analysis for, 40, 103 mental representations of, 87–89 methodology employment for, 105 personality and, 201 prototype-feature approach for, 88 psychological wisdom models and, 113 related responses in, 168 Roschian theory as part of, 88 societal level in, 89 inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 46 logical modality as part of, 47 Independent Sector, 288 Individualism-Collectivism Scale, 52 insight in wisdom, 95 Instruction of Ptahhotep, 34 intellectual development. See also intelligence in adolescence, 142–144, 147 cognitive mechanics of, 116 cognitive pragmatics of, 116 Intellectual History of Psychology, An (Robinson), 13 intelligence in Balance Theory, 196 foolishness theories and, 340–344, 349 practical, 345 pragmatic, 129 psychometric models of, 115 triarchic theory of, 115 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. See IPPNW Interpersonal Reactivity Index, 52 intuition automatic processing systems and, 79 Cartesian ideas of, 76–77 creativity as result of, 79–80 discernment (wisdom) and, role in, 356 episteme and, 75 phronesis and, 75 rational, 80 sophia and, 75 wisdom and, 64, 75–81 IPPNW (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War), 290 judgments in ethics, 253 Karate Kid, 163 “knowing and doubting, ”, 44 knowledge in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 166 descriptive, 49 emotions and, 124 expert systems, 44 factual, 197 in modal awareness, 49 organismic framework for, 22 procedural, 197, 358 scientific, 71–73 tacit, 21, 115, 251 wisdom and, 98, 140, 161, 222–227 knowledge context matrix, 23 leadership assassination and, 303 historical figures, 299 personality and, 315 as profession, 316 legal issues, 259–260 “client-centered approach” for, 282 “hard cases” in, 259 “zealous” representation in, 281 life planning tasks, 174 aging and, 172 life review tasks aging and, 174 lifespan contextualism, 197 wisdom and, 140 lifespan development wisdom and, 33 logical modality in inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 47 object awareness within, 47 logos mode (wisdom), 50 Lord of the Rings (Tolkein), 298 Mad Magazine, 338 Man and His Symbols (Jung), 13 The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (Twain), 261 “mature self, ”, 210–211 “discovered life” theme and, 235 integration in, 211 self-complexity as part of, 211 self-esteem as part of, 210–211 value orientation in, 211 MDS (multidimensional scaling) analysis descriptor-rating studies and, 94, 95 for implicit theories (wisdom), 40, 103 measurement of wisdom, 164–165, 197–198, 237–239 attention assessment in, 237 belief assessment in, 238 criteria for, 237 ESM and, 238 habit formation in, 238 subjective experience assessment in, 238–239 medical technology educational applications of, 294 systemic comprehension and, 294 wisdom and, 293 memes, 226, 234 cultural phenotypes and, 236 in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359 mentoring interactive minds and, 179 wisdom as result of, 178–180 metacomponents of thought, 348 metaphysics in sophia, 73 Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 259 “miasmatic” theory, 313 Milesian school in Greek civilization, 4 Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale, 342 modal awareness, 47, 48, 49 interpretive knowledge vs. descriptive knowledge as part of, 49 synthetic/transformational moments and, 47 model constructs predictive validity for, 164 Mohenjo-daro civilization, 8 moral action moral reasoning vs., 148 moral reasoning adolescence and, 147–148 economic markets and, 318 in explicit wisdom theories, 176 moral action vs., 148 wisdom and, 176–178 morality, 252–254 ethics and, 252 principle as part of, 258 rights, 26 sub-moral choices in, 266 wisdom and, 98, 258–263 motivation affective experiences and, 126 conflict management and, 126 extrinsic rewards and, 229 intrinsic rewards and, 229 value orientations as factor in, 126 wisdom and, 125–127, 129 multidimensional scaling analysis. See MDS “Myth of the Cave, ”, 261 mythos mode (wisdom), 50 National Rifle Association, 236 natural world wisdom and, 96 Negative Mood Regulation scale, 52 Neopiagetian research (wisdom), 195–196 personality development and, 196 Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 66, 227, 253 Nine Classics, 9 “non-split” principle (Vedic), 36, 50 Novum Organum (Bacon), 10 object awareness, 48 in logical modality, 47 Odyssey (Homer), 64 omnipotence fallacy, 339 omniscience fallacy, 338–339 groupthink and, 339 “one-mindededness, ” 51 open-mindedness in adolescence, 142 “openness to experience, ”, 232 ego development, 204 in personality development, 198–199 PWB and, 205 organismic approach (knowledge) framework for, 22 integration in, 22 perceptive judgment in wisdom, 96 personal experience wisdom and, role in, 98 personal growth theory in public policy, 306–308 personal maturity, 213 ego development and, 204 personal wisdom, 191, 212 affect complexity as part of, 207 affect optimization as part of, 207 as cognitive-emotional integration, 207–208 eudaimonic well-being as part of, 204 “mature self” and, 210–211 PWB and, 204–206 questionnaire measures for, 212 self-representation in, 207 personality development, 145–146, 206 abstraction capacities during, 144 during adolescence, 144 in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 198–201 cognition and, 146–147 consistency within, 144 ego development as part of, 145 generalization as part of, 144 leadership and, 315 Neopiagetian research and, 196 “openness to experience” as part of, 198–199 perspective taking within, 147 psychological mindedness as part of, 199 psychological wisdom models and, 114–115 self/identity development as part of, 144 types in, 207 uncertainty orientation in, 145 wisdom and, 193, 194 “wise actions” and, 146 perspective taking during adolescence, 147 multiple, 147 within personality development, 147 theory of mind research and, 147 Phaedrus, 65 philosophy definitions of, 11 empirical school of, 10 etymological roots of, 61 in Greek civilization, 35 noumenal world in, 11 phenomenal world in, 11 religion and, 308–310 scholastic concepts for, 11 secular, 304–308 two-world, 11 phronesis, 70, 80, 82. See also practical wisdom intuition and, 75 Physicians for Social Responsibility, 290 The Picture of Dorian Gray (Wilde), 160 Plato’s Cave, 313 positive psychology wisdom and, 33 positive wisdom model aging and, 161 practical intelligence wisdom vs., 345 practical wisdom, 67–69 in Aristotelian wisdom, 67–70 choice as part of, 69–70 requirements for, 70 sophia and, 74 speculative vs., 5–6 The Prince (Macchiavelli), 309 principle in morality, 258 Principles of Psychology, The (James), 12 problem solving in culturally inclusive developmental models, 44 in wisdom, 96 procedural knowledge, 358 psychological sciences concepts of development in, 13 positive, 33 religion and, 12 wisdom in, 12–14 psychological well-being. See PWB psychological wisdom models, 112–116 assessment for, 119–121 character integration in, 118 dialectical thinking and, 115 empirical evidence for, 121–123 expertise-specific factors in, 119 explicit, 114–116 facilitating factors for, 119 facilitative contexts for, 119 functions of, 121 implicit wisdom theories and, 113 personality development and, 114–115 person-related factors in, 119 practice as part of, 118 research programs for, 123 theoretical model for, 118–119 public policy accountability systems in, 322 democratic solutions for, 319 “half-truth” identification as part of, 321 human betterment values in, 301 market-based solutions in, 319 personal growth theory and, 306–308 secular philosophy in, 304–308 self-interest effects on, 310–311 social thought development effects on, 310–312, 314 statistics for, 312 supernatural guidance in, 302–304 wisdom in, 297–299, 300–301 wise examples of, 301 PWB (psychological well-being), 205 age trends for, 205 environmental mastery dimension in, 206 “openness to experience” and, 205 personal growth dimension as part of, 206 personal wisdom and, 204–206 qi (yin and yang), 307 rational intuition, 80 Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test, 342 reality Cartesian view of, 332 Spinozan view of, 332–333 reasoning Balance theory for, 21 religion vs., 4 wisdom components and, 21 reflective attitudes in wisdom, 95 reflective judgment model, 23 research on, 23 “reflective thinking, ”, 13 regulation-hypothesis wisdom and, 125 religion moral philosophy and, 308–310 psychological sciences and, 12 reason vs., 4 wisdom resistance in, 303 “A Remarkable Man” (Berry), 360 “reminiscence bumps, ”, 149 The Renaissance scientific development during, 10 wisdom development during, 9–10 The Republic (Plato), 65, 247, 261, 305 “Myth of the Cave” in, 261 wisdom in, 248 Rig-veda, 8 rikai, 36 risk considerations during adolescence, 143 Roschian theory (wisdom), 88 Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Descartes), 76 Sama-veda, 8 “sapientia” “scientia” vs., 7 as wisdom, 7 satori, 36 SAWS (self-assessment wisdom scale), 212 components in, 212 “scaffolding, ” 362 “scientia” “sapientia” vs., 7 scientific development, 225 during Renaissance, 10 scientific knowledge in Aristotelian wisdom, 71–73 episteme as, 71 essence as part of, 72–73 wisdom and, 71–73 secular philosophy, 304–308 Greek, 305–306 Selective Optimization with Compensation. See SOC “self-actualization, ” 51 self-assessment wisdom scale. See SAWS self-esteem, 210–211 self/identity development, 144 selfishness, 304 self-regulation research, 193 self-related wisdom, 208–210 acquisition of, 249 ambiguity tolerance as part of, 209 growth/self-regulation heuristics in, 209 rich self-knowledge as part of, 208–209 self-interrelation as part, 209 self-relativism in, 209 “self-renewal, ” 289 Seven Pillars of wisdom, 353–366 appreciative, 354–355 common behavior, 357–359 communal, 360 discernment, 355–357 transcendent, 362–364 uncommon behavioral, 359–360 wisdom as virtue, 365–366 Short Index of Self-Actualization, 52 “should” statements, 335 The Sixty-four Thousand Dollar Question, 331 Skeptics stoicism and, role in, 74 SOC (Selective Optimization with Compensation), 127 wisdom and, 127 social maturity, 213 ego development and, 204 Social Position Index, 52 social science, 312–314 “miasmatic” theory and, 313 social welfare initiatives, 291 social-psychological sciences wisdom and, effects on, 19 Socratic method, 5 Greek civilization and, 5 sophia (theoretical wisdom), 82 episteme vs., 73 intuition and, 75 metaphysics as part of, 73 practical wisdom and, 74 speculative intellect, 7 science as part of, 7 understanding as part of, 7 wisdom in, 7 speculative wisdom practical vs., 5–6 Spellbound, 331 spirituality wisdom and, 96 stoicism, 74–75 Skeptics and, 74 tabula rasa as part of, 75 “straw man” arguments, 334 A Study of History (Toynbee), 311 civilization creation factors in, 311 sub-moral choices, 266 enlightened self-interest within, 267 value judgments as part of, 267 Sumerians history of, 4 wisdom transfer for, 4 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 227 synthetic/integrative moment (wisdom), 49–51 synthetic/transformational moments descriptive knowledge as part of, 49 in inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 46–49 modal awareness and, 47 reflective understanding in, 47 systems democracy as, 316 economic markets as, 316 wisdom about, 316–318 tabula rasa, 75 tacit knowledge in Balance theory, 21 testing ability and, 342 wisdom and, 98, 140, 161, 196, 222–227, 251 Tao-Te-Ching, 8 theoretical framing in wisdom, 276–278 “worldmaking” in, 276 theoretical wisdom. See sophia theory of mind research, 147 3DWS (three-dimensional wisdom scale), 212 transcendent wisdom, 362–364 religious literature and, 363 transcendental meditation, 24 triarchic intelligence theories, 115 tacit knowledge in, 115 wisdom and, 115 De Trinitate (St. Augustine), 227 Tuesdays with Morrie, 163 “ubermensch, ” 51 uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359–360 boundary-crossing in, 359 generative wisdom as part of, 359 memes in, 359 the “unknowable” wisdom and, 140 unrealistic optimism fallacy, 338 Upanishads (eastern wisdom), 8, 256, 257 value relativism, 197 wisdom and, 140, 365 Vedas, 8 Atharva, 8 “non-split” principle in, 36, 50 Rig, 8 Sama, 8 Yajur, 8 WAIS-R (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised), 52 Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. See WAIS-R “whole-part relationships, ”, 43 will. See choice wisdom adolescence and, development during, 141–144, 150–152 affective component of, 167 aging and, 27, 96–97, 106, 171, 184 ambiguity and, 196 analysis of, 276 appreciative, 354–355 Aristotle on, 66–70 autobiographical narratives and, 99–100 Balance Theory of, 196–197 behavioral complexity as result of, 19 cognitive basis of, 95 common behavior, 357–359 communal, 360 competence and, 170, 247 conceptual changes for, 15 coping research and, 193 cross-sectional studies for, 230 cultural perceptions of, 169–170 culturally inclusive developmental model of, 43–46 definitions for, 16, 17, 18, 86, 100, 226 deliberation as part of, 68 development of, 230–237 discernment in, 355–357 diverse interests and, 345 eastern conceptualizations of, 36–37 ego development and, 202–204 “ego integrity vs. despair” and, 19 emotion and, 123–125, 200–201 empathy-hypothesis and, 125, 365 empirical assessments for, 130–131 environmental shaping as result of, 346 ethics and, 263–268 experience as part of, 98 expertise and, 115, 139 explicit theories of, 89 extant, 192 extrapersonal interests and, 346 five aspects of, 95, 343 foolishness theories and, 343–349 as foundational concept, 63–64 future research directions on, 25–27 gender and, 106 general, 191–192 generative, 272 harmony as factor in, 96 historical accounts o Cambridge University Press 0521834015 - A Handbook of Wisdom - Psychological Perspectives - Edited by Robert J. Sternberg and Jennifer Jordan Frontmatter/Prelims A Handbook of WisdomA topic ignored in mainstream scientific inquiry for decades, wisdom is beginning to return to the place of reverence that it held in ancient schools of intellectual study. A Handbook of Wisdom explores wisdom’s promise for helping scholars and lay people to understand the apex of human thought and behavior. At a time when poor choices are being made by notably intelligent and powerful individuals, this book presents analysis and review on a form of reasoning and decision making that is not only productive and prudent but also serves a beneficial purpose for society. A Handbook of Wisdom is a collection of chapters from some of the most prominent scholars in the field of wisdom research. Written from multiple perspectives, including psychology, philosophy, and religion, this book provides the reader with an in-depth understanding of wisdom’s past, present, and possible future direction within literature, science, and society. Robert J. Sternberg is IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale and Director of the PACE Center at Yale. He was the 2003 President of the American Psychological Association. He is the author of more than 1,000 publications on topics related to cognition and intelligence. He has won numerous awards from professional associations and holds five honorary doctorates. Jennifer Jordan is an advanced doctoral student in psychology at Yale University. She has studied wisdom under the guidance of both Robert Sternberg at Yale and Paul Baltes at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, Germany. She is the recipient of a John F. Enders Grant and an American Psychological Association Award for her dissertation, which examines moral awareness and business expertise. A Handbook of WisdomPsychological PerspectivesEdited by ROBERT J. STERNBERG Yale University JENNIFER JORDAN Yale University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception First published 2005 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A handbook of wisdom : psychological perspectives / ISBN-13 978-0-521-83401-8 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-54182-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for Contents
List of ContributorsMonika Ardelt University of Florida Gainesville, FL Paul B. Baltes Max Planck Institute of Human Development Berlin, Germany James E. Birren University of California Los Angeles, CA Susan Bluck University of Florida Gainesville, FL Warren S. Brown Fuller Theological Seminary Pasadena, CA Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Claremont Graduate University Claremont, CA Jessica Dörner International University Bremen Bremen, Germany Lloyd S. Etheredge Yale University New Haven, CT Howard Gardner Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA Judith Glück University of Vienna Jennifer Jordan Yale University New Haven, CT Ute Kunzmann Max Planck Institute of Human Development Berlin, Germany Joel J. Kupperman Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA Paula Marshall Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA Charlotte Mickler International University Bremen Bremen, Germany Jeanne Nakamura Claremont Graduate University Claremont, CA Lisa M. Osbeck State University of West Georgia Carrollton, GA Willis F. Overton Temple University Philadelphia, PA M. Pasupathi University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT M. J. Richardson University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Daniel N. Robinson Philosophy Faculty, Oxford University, UK Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Georgetown University Jeffrey L. Solomon Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA Ursula M. Staudinger International University Bremen Bremen, Germany Robert J. Sternberg Yale University New Haven, CT Cheryl M. Svensson California State University Fullerton, CA Masami Takahashi Northeastern Illinois University Chicago, IL ForewordMonika Ardelt Back in 1990, when I was a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, I decided to investigate predictors of life satisfaction in old age as my dissertation topic. I was not convinced by the traditional sociological explanation that well-being in old age depended mostly on the conditions older people encountered, such as physical health, finances, socioeconomic status, social involvement, and residential situation. I was searching for a concept that would represent the internal strength of older adults, which enabled some older people to be satisfied with their life despite adverse circumstances. After studying the literature on lifelong psychosocial growth, it occurred to me that the acquisition of wisdom might hold the key to subjective well-being in old age. Although I now had the concept, I had no idea how to define and much less how to measure wisdom. I remember going to the library to pick up another book on the life course and aging when, right next to it, I saw the edited book by Sternberg (1990) on Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. It felt like a book sent by heaven, and it became instantly my “bible” on wisdom. Up to this point I had no idea that wisdom was actually a topic of modern scientific inquiries and that respected researchers had tackled this somewhat esoteric topic. Not that it made my life much easier at first. As Birren and Svensson mention in this Handbook, the 13 chapters in the 1990 edited Wisdom book resulted in 13 different definitions of wisdom. However, the 1990 book introduced me to the contemporary wisdom research at that time and led me to the wisdom studies by Vivian Clayton (e.g., Clayton & Birren,(1980), whose model of wisdom as an integration of cognitive, reflective, and affective personality qualities has been the basis of my own wisdom research ever since (e.g., Ardelt,2003). The 1990 edited Wisdom book was not called a handbook, and rightly so. Contemporary empirical research on wisdom was in its infancy, and there just was not enough research to summarize and synthesize to justify the title of “Handbook.” Yet, times have changed and the publication of the present Handbook of Wisdom was sorely needed. In fact, wisdom research has grown tremendously during the past 15 years. A search in PsycINFO (via EBSCO Host Research Databases) under the subject or key concept of “wisdom” yielded 12 entries of published articles, books, chapters, or dissertation abstracts before 1980, 10 entries between 1980 and 1984, 18 entries between 1985 and 1989, 40 entries between 1990 and 1994, 71 entries between 1995 and 1999, and 146 entries between 2000 and the present. Although such a search is not necessarily precise because not all relevant literature is listed and some listed items are unrelated to wisdom research, it still is an, albeit crude, indicator for the exponential progress in wisdom research. It appears that between 1980 and 2004, published entries on the subject or key concept of “wisdom” have doubled approximately every 5 years. Whereas the 1990 edited Wisdom book was able to present almost the entirety of contemporary wisdom research, this is no longer possible in a single volume. Yet, the Handbook of Wisdom comes close to this task. It provides an extensive overview of the state of the art of modern inquiries and debates in the study of wisdom. After more than a quarter century of ever-growing wisdom research, does a uniform definition of wisdom exist? The answer is still no, but we might be getting closer to a common and generally agreed-upon definition of wisdom, although measuring wisdom is a different matter. In fact, the authors in Part I of the Handbook of Wisdom – the largest section of the volume – address the questions of what wisdom is; how the answer varies across time, culture, and peoples; and why wisdom disappeared until recently from modern psychological and philosophical research. Birren and Svensson investigate how the concept of wisdom evolved historically, starting with the ancient Sumerians and ending with modern psychological sciences. Both Birren and Svensson and Takahashi and Overton unearth the roots of contemporary definitions of wisdom. Takahashi and Overton focus particularly on the difference between Western and Eastern wisdom traditions and introduce a culturally inclusive developmental model of wisdom that integrates the (Western) analytic mode with the (Eastern) synthetic mode of wisdom. Robinson and Osbeck examine wisdom from the perspective of classical Greek philosophy. How did the ancient Greeks fathom the acquisition of wisdom and why did they consider the possession of wisdom desirable? What is the distinction between Aristotle’s concepts of practical and theoretical wisdom, and how is this distinction relevant for our contemporary lives? How is wisdom dependent on the perception of an objective truth? Bluck and Glück explore people’s implicit (or lay) theories of wisdom and ask how those theories are assessed, how they are used in everyday life, how they vary by culture and age, how they differ from explicit (or expert) theories of wisdom, and why it is necessary to distinguish between implicit and explicit wisdom theories. After reviewing five implicit wisdom theories, Bluck and Glück identify five aspects that they deem essential for wisdom: cognitive ability, insight, reflective attitude, concern for others, and real-world skills. Explicit theories are the theories of an elite group of experts in the field. Yet, if wisdom is considered a highly advanced stage of human development that only very few individuals attain, wisdom experts might be extremely rare. Hence, one might argue that most wisdom theories are implicit theories since not many people, even among wisdom researchers, might be genuine experts in wisdom and an externally verifiable criterion of wisdom does not exist. That would mean that “explicit wisdom theories” are simply the implicit theories of wisdom researchers. Most explicit theories of wisdom researchers, however, show considerable overlap with implicit (lay) theories of wisdom. Kunzmann and Baltes introduce the Berlin wisdom paradigm, an explicit theory of wisdom developed by Baltes and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute of Berlin and probably the most widely known contemporary model of the empirical study of wisdom to date. According to this paradigm, wisdom can be defined as expert knowledge in the meaning and conduct of life and in the fundamental pragmatics of life (i.e., life planning, life management, and life review). Wisdom-related knowledge is assessed according to five wisdom criteria: rich factual knowledge, rich procedural knowledge, life-span contextualism, value relativism, and uncertainty. Kunzmann and Baltes also give an overview of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of wisdom-related knowledge. The authors in Part II of the Handbook investigate the development of wisdom across the life span, using the Berlin wisdom paradigm. The questions that are addressed are (a) when and how does wisdom-related knowledge develop and (b) what is the relation between wisdom-related knowledge and age in adulthood? Pasupathi and Richardson report that wisdom-related knowledge increases during adolescence as the result of normative developmental changes in cognitive abilities, self/identity development, and personality development. In adulthood, however, Jordan does not find any evidence that wisdom-related knowledge changes with age. Rather, the relation between wisdom-related knowledge and age appears to support the crystallized model of wisdom in adulthood: Wisdom-related knowledge tends to neither increase nor decrease during the adulthood years but remains relatively stable. Because this result is based on cross-sectional data alone and on the assessment of wisdom as general wisdom-related knowledge, the evidence is not conclusive at this point. On the one hand, it supports the generally held assumption that wisdom does not automatically increase with age. On the other hand, longitudinal studies have shown that wisdom tends to increase during adulthood for people who might be particularly interested and motivated to pursue the attainment of personal wisdom (Helson & Srivastava, 2002; Wink & Helson, 1997. The authors in Part III of the Handbook analyze the connection between wisdom and the person. Staudinger, Drner, and Mickler start with the question whether wisdom is (a) a personality characteristic, (b) the result or correlate of specific personality characteristics, or (c) both. To answer the question, Staudinger, Drner, and Mickler differentiate between general and personal wisdom, based on their notion that one can have general wisdom without being wise (personal wisdom). General wisdom (i.e., insight into life in general) is considered a precursor for personal wisdom (i.e., insight into one’s own life). Even though not all researchers might agree with this distinction (Ardelt, 2004 Moody, 1986), it is useful to highlight some of the existing differences in the theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of wisdom. Whereas Staudinger, Drner, and Mickler believe that general wisdom precedes personal wisdom, Csikszentmihalyi and Nakamura argue that a wise person is an individual who has sought and found general wisdom. Csikszentmihalyi and Nakamura are particularly interested in the emotions that accompany the pursuit and acquisition of wisdom-related knowledge. They conclude that both the pursuit and realization of wisdom bring forth positive emotions of joy and serenity through the transcendence of self-centeredness. This finding, however, is in direct contradiction to Staudinger, Drner, and Mickler’s view- point that personal wisdom does not result in subjective well-being because the development of wisdom has its costs. The question remains whether seeing reality more clearly is intrinsically rewarding and enjoyable or leads to the somber realization that life is suffering. A third possibility is that the mental clarity that accompanies wisdom illuminates not only the reality of human suffering but also the path to the cessation of suffering (e.g., Nanamoli,(2001). Part IV deals with wisdom in society. Kupperman discusses the difference between knowing-how (e.g., to live) and knowing-that (e.g., knowledge and theories about the good life or the fundamental pragmatics of life). He argues that the “knowing-that” of wisdom by itself is meaningless unless it is applied in “knowing-how” to live a life that is good for oneself, good for others, and good for the larger society. In other words, wisdom is knowing how to live a good life, which must be exhibited in the life of a wise person. To develop wisdom, schol- arly learning is less important than the realization of wisdom, which requires a personal transformation and good role models. Kupperman demonstrates that moral and ethical choices necessitate the knowing-how of wisdom. Gardner, Solomon, and Marshall give an overview of their study on generative wisdom. They define generative wisdom as work (i.e., products, outcomes, and initiatives) by professionals that is intended to maximize the benefit and welfare of present and future generations. Gardner, Solomon, and Marshall present six case studies that illustrate the development of generative wisdom through three mental models of boundary crossing: (a) going beyond conventional knowledge or understanding, (b) seeing beyond the here and now, and (c) going beyond traditional professional boundaries. Etheredge states that wisdom in public policy includes good judgment and commitment to the well-being of all present and future members of society and, in international politics, also to members of other nations. He defines wise policies by eight values for human betterment: power, enlightenment (education and personal growth), wealth, (physical and mental) well-being, skill, affection, rectitude, and respect. Theoretically, political wisdom should lead to a better world, but as Etheredge shows, it is not necessarily clear how political wisdom might be implemented and how a better world might be attained. The Handbook concludes in Part V with a discussion of the absence of wisdom. Sternberg opens the last chapter with the observation that “smart people can be foolish.” Hence, intelligence and knowledge by themselves do not protect against foolishness. Sternberg introduces an imbalance theory of foolishness, which is a mirror image of his balance theory of wisdom (Sternberg, 1998). Five fallacies in thinking increase the likelihood of foolish behavior: unrealistic optimism, egocentrism, and illusions of omniscience, omnipotence, and invulnerability. Sternberg argues that the study of foolishness is important, because the costs of foolishness to the individual, others, and/or society can be great. The different wisdom perspectives presented in the Handbook of Wisdom might remind the reader of Buddha’s story of the blind men and the elephant. According to the story, a king gathered several men who were blind from birth around an elephant and told them to describe the animal to him. Each of the blind men gave a different definition of the elephant, depending on the part of the elephant he was investigating (Nanamoli, 2001). In some sense, this might still be the stage of current wisdom research. We concentrate on certain aspects of wisdom, depending on the focus of our research interests, but the whole meaning of wisdom escapes us. Interestingly, Takahashi and Overton report in the Handbook that people’s implicit theories of wisdom tend to correspond to an ideal self, which varies in different cultures. Could it be that lay persons’ and wisdom researchers’ theories of wisdom represent an ideal and desired image of (their own) perfect development? Yet, if wisdom (the “elephant”) exists and is not just in the head of the beholder, it is to our advantage to describe and investigate as many of its parts as possible until a coherent and complete picture of wisdom emerges. I believe that the Handbook of Wisdom does just that; it contributes essential pieces to the overall puzzle of wisdom. April 2004 © Cambridge University Press
"Wisdom appears to have much to do with outstanding futures-thinking, and thus in a very broad sense can be seen as a method to be cultivated." -Future Survey
Foreword Monika Ardelt; Part I. Theories of Wisdom Across Time, Culture, and Peoples: 1. Wisdom in history James E. Birren and Cheryl M. Svensson; 2. Cultural foundations of wisdom: an integrated developmental approach Masami Takahashi and Willis F. Overton; 3. Philosophical theories of wisdom Lisa M. Osbeck and Daniel N. Robinson; 4. From the inside out: people's implicit theories of wisdom Susan Bluck and Judith Glück; 5. The psychology of wisdom: theoretical and empirical challenges Ute Kunzmann and Paul B. Baltes; Part II. The Development of Wisdom Across the Lifespan: 6. Young and growing wiser: wisdom during adolescence and young adulthood M. J. Richardson and M. Pasupathi; 7. The quest for wisdom in adulthood: a psychological perspective Jennifer Jordan; Part III. Wisdom and the Person: 8. Wisdom and personality Ursula M. Staudinger, Jessica DÖrner and Charlotte Mickler; 9. The role of emotions in the development of wisdom Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Jeanne Nakamura; Part IV. Wisdom in Society: 10. Morality, ethics, and wisdom Joel J. Kupperman; 11. Crossing boundaries to generative wisdom: an analysis of professional work Jeffrey L. Solomon, Paula Marshall and Howard Gardner; 12. Wisdom in public policy Lloyd S. Etheredge; Part V. The Absence of Wisdom: 13. Foolishness Robert J. Sternberg; Discussion Warren Brown.
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