I Geothermal Fluid Chemistry.- 1 Geothermal Systems.- 1.1 System Types and Characteristics.- Classification.- 1.2 Genesis of Geothermal Fluids.- Origin of water and solutes.- Evolution of geothermal fluids.- Evolution of steam: boiling point-depth relations.- Age of geothermal fluids and geothermal systems.- 1.3 Thermal, Hydrological and Chemical Structure.- Liquid-dominated systems.- Vapour-dominated systems.- 2 Water Chemistry.- 2.1 Water Types.- Chloride.- Sulphate.- Bicarbonate.- Sulphate-chloride.- Dilute chloride-(bicarbonate).- A diagnostic plot of water chemistry.- 2.2 Processes Affecting Water Composition.- Mineral-fluid equilibria.- Boiling (adiabatic) cooling.- Conductive cooling.- Mixing (dilution) with other waters.- 2.3 Interpretation of Water Chemistry.- pH.- Common solutes.- Chemical behaviour of common species.- Chemical indicators of physico-chemical processes.- Statistical analysis of water chemistry.- 2.4 Mixing Models.- Enthalpy - Chloride diagrams.- Enthalpy - silica diagrams.- Carbonate - silica/chloride.- 2.5 Solute Geothermometers.- Silica.- Na/K geothermometer.- Na-K-Ca geothermometer.- Na/Li geothermometer.- K/Mg and Li/Mg geothermometers.- Na-K-Mg geothermometer.- Ca/Mg gt; SO4/F geothermometers for carbonate reservoirs.- 2.6 Calculattng Reservoir Fluid Chemistry.- Heat and mass balance equation.- Steam fraction calculation.- Weirbox composition.- Reservoir fluid composition.- Total discharge (TD) composition.- Reservoir fluid pH.- 3 Gas Chemistry.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Discharge Features.- 3.3 Processes Affecting Steam Composition.- Geothermal system.- Solubility.- Steam formation.- Condensation.- Oxidation.- Rock-steam reactions.- Mineral equilibria and buffering.- Seismicity.- Contamination.- 3.4 Interpretation of Gas Chemistry.- Behaviour of common geothermal gases.- Indicators of physico-chemical processes.- 3.5 Gas Geothermometers.- CO2-H2S-H2-CH4 geothermometer (D'Amore gt; Panichi).- CO-based geothermometer.- CO2-geothermometer.- H2 Ar geothermometer.- gas/?water - based geothermometers.- 4 Isotope Chemistry.- 4.1 Introduction.- Notation.- Standards.- 4.2 Geothermal Applications of Isotopes.- Stable isotope.- Radioactive isotopes.- 4.3 Isotope Geothermometers.- Isotope geothermometry equations.- Oxygen isotope geothermometers.- Hydrogen isotope geothermometers.- Carbon isotope geothermometers.- Sulphur isotope geothermometer.- II Exploration Techniques gt; Surveys.- 5 Exploration Techniques.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Exploration Surveys.- Active systems.- Fossil/epithermal systems.- 6 Water Surveys.- 6.1 Pre-Field Laboratory Preparation.- Collection bottles.- Bottie cleaning.- Sampling equipment.- 6.2 Field Survey.- Mapping springs.- Field notes.- Field measurements.- Selection and prioritizing springs for sampling.- 6.3 Sampling Methods.- Springs and pools.- Wells.- Specialised sampling requirements.- Sample storage.- 6.4 Analytical Methods.- Aluminium.- Ammonia.- Arsenic.- Bicarbonate, Carbonate.- Boron.- Caesium.- Calcium.- Chloride.- Fluoride.- Hydrogen sulphide.- Iodide, Bromide.- Iron.- Lithium.- Magnesium.- Mercury.- pH.- Potassium.- Rubidium.- Silica.- Sodium.- Sulphate.- Total Dissolved Solids.- 6.5 Data Quality and Presentation.- Quality control checks.- Ionic balance.- Mass balance.- Units.- Tabulation of results.- 7 Gas Surveys.- 7.1 Pre-Field Laboratory Preparation.- Sample flasks.- Flask cleaning and preparation.- Sampling equipment.- 7.2 Field Survey.- Selection and prioritizing fumaroles for sampling.- 7.3 Sampling Methods.- Fumaroles.- Gas discharges from pools.- Wells.- General notes on sampling gases Sample storage.- Sample storage.- 7.4 Analytical Methods.- Gas chromatographic determinations.- Wet chemical determinations.- Calculation of gas in the total discharge (TDgas).- 7.5 Gas Concentration Units.- 8 Soil and Soil-Gas Surveys.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Survey Organisation.- Orientation survey.- Sampling grid.- 8.3 Soil Surveys.- Soil sampling.- Sample preparation.-

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