Sensors For Mechatronics

Mechatronics Is A Multidisciplinary Field Combining Mechanical, Electronic, Computer, And Other Engineering Fields To Develop Intelligent Processes And Products. This Book Offers Reviews The Major Types Of Transducers, Presents A Characterization Of The Advances In Sensing Technology And Offers A View On Sensor Research.

Titel:	Sensors For Mechatronics
Auteur:	Regtien, Paul P. L.
Mediatype:	Boek
Bindwijze:	Gebonden
Taal:	Engels
Aantal pagina's:	322
Uitgever:	Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Plaats van publicatie:	04
NUR:	Civiele techniek
Afmetingen:	229 x 152 x 22
Gewicht:	644 gr
ISBN/ISBN13:	9780123914972
Intern nummer:	20185383

Preface

xi

1 Introduction

1

(18)

1.1 Sensors in Mechatronics

1

(12)

1.1.1 Definitions

1

(2)

1.1.2 Sensor Development

3

(1)

1.1.3 Sensor Nomenclature

4

(2)

1.1.4 Sensors and Information

6

(7)

1.2 Selection of Sensors

13

(6)

2 Sensor Fundamentals

19

(16)

2.1 Physical Quantities

19

(7)

2.1.1 Classification of Quantities

19

(4)

2.1.2 Relations Between Quantities

23

(3)

2.2 Sensor Classifications

26

(9)

2.2.1 Classification Based on Measurand and Application Field

26

(1)

2.2.2 Classification Based on Port Models

26

(4)

2.2.3 Classification Based on Conversion Principles

30

(1)

2.2.4 Classification According to Energy Domain

31

(4)

3 Uncertainty Aspects

35

(22)

3.1 Sensor Specification

35

(5)

3.1.1 Sensitivity

36

(1)

3.1.2 Non-linearity and Hysteresis

36

(1)

3.1.3 Resolution

37

(1)

3.1.4 Accuracy

38

(1)

3.1.5 Offset and Zero Drift

38

(1)

3.1.6 Noise

38

(1)

3.1.7 Response Time

39

(1)

3.1.8 Frequency Response and Bandwidth

39

(1)

3.1.9 Operating Conditions

39

(1)

3.2 Sensor Error Reduction Techniques

40

(17)

3.2.1 Compensation

41

(3)

3.2.2 Feedback Methods

44

(3)

3.2.3 Filtering

47

(1)

3.2.4 Modulation

48

(3)

3.2.5 Demodulation

51

(2)

3.2.6 Correction Methods

53

(4)

4 Resistive Sensors

57

(44)

4.1 Resistivity and Resistance

57

(1)

4.2 Potentiometric Sensors

58

(9)

4.2.1 Construction and General Properties

58

(1)

4.2.2 Electrical Characteristics

59

(2)

4.2.3 Interfacing

61

(3)

4.2.4 Contact-Free Potentiometers

64

(2)

4.2.5 Applications of Potentiometers

66

(1)

4.3 Strain Gauges

67

(10)

4.3.1 Construction and Properties

67

(4)

4.3.2 Interfacing

71

(2)

4.3.3 Applications of Strain Gauges

73

(4)

4.4 Piezoresistive Sensors

77

(10)

4.4.1 Piezoresistivity

77

(4)

4.4.2 Micromachined Piezoresistive Sensors

81

(2)

4.4.3 Applications of Piezoresistive Sensors

83

(4)

4.5 Magnetoresistive Sensors

87

(4)

4.5.1 Magnetoresistivity

87

(4)

4.5.2 Applications of Magnetoresistive Sensors

91

(1)

4.6 Thermoresistive Sensors

91

(4)

4.6.1 Thermoresistivity

91

(1)

4.6.2 Resistance Thermometer

92

(1)

4.6.3 Thermistors

93

(2)

4.7 Optoresistive Sensors

95

(6)

5 Capacitive Sensors

101

(24)

5.1 Capacitance and Permittivity

101

(4)

5.2 Basic Configurations of Capacitive Sensors

105

(8)

5.2.1 Flat-Plate Capacitive Sensors

105

(4)

5.2.2 Multiplate Capacitive Sensors

109

(1)

5.2.3 Silicon Capacitive Sensors

110

(3)

5.3 Interfacing

113

(3)

5.4 Applications

116

(9)

5.4.1 Capacitive Sensors for Position- and Force-Related Quantities

116

(2)

5.4.2 Particular Applications

118

(7)

6 Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

125

(36)

6.1 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Quantities

125

(5)

6.1.1 Magnetic Field Strength, Magnetic Induction and Flux

125

(2)

6.1.2 Permeability

127

(1)

6.1.3 Eddy Currents

128

(1)

6.1.4 Magnetic Resistance (Reluctance) and Self-Inductance

128

(1)

6.1.5 Magnetostriction

129

(1)

6.2 Magnetic Field Sensors

130

(6)

6.2.1 Coil

131

(1)

6.2.2 Hall Plate Sensors

131

(3)

6.2.3 Fluxgate Sensors

134

(2)

6.3 Magnetic and Induction Based Displacement and Force Sensors

136

(11)

6.3.1 Magnetic Proximity Switches

137

(1)

6.3.2 Inductive Proximity and Displacement Sensors

138

(1)

6.3.3 Eddy Current Displacement Sensors

139

(2)

6.3.4 Variable Differential Transformers

141

(2)

6.3.5 Resolvers and Synchros

143

(2)

6.3.6 Magnetostrictive or Elastomagnetic Sensors

145

(2)

6.4 Applications

147

(14)

6.4.1 Interfacing Inductive Sensors

148

(1)

6.4.2 Contact-Free Sensing Using Magnetic and Inductive Sensors

149

(1)

6.4.3 Applications of Variable Reluctance and Eddy Current Sensors

150

(3)

6.4.4 Applications of Other Inductive Sensors

153

(8)

7 Optical Sensors

161

(58)

7.1 Electro-Optical Components

161

(9)

7.1.1 Light Emitters

162

(3)

7.1.2 Light Sensors

165

(2)

7.1.3 Position Sensitive Diode

167

(3)

7.2 Optical Displacement Sensors

170

(18)

7.2.1 Intensity Measurement

170

(3)

7.2.2 Triangulation

173

(3)

7.2.3 Optical Encoders

176

(6)

7.2.4 Interferometry

182

(6)

7.2.5 Time-of-Flight

188

(1)

7.3 Interfacing

188

(3)

7.3.1 LEDs and Photo Diodes

188

(2)

7.3.2 Interfacing PSDs

190

(1)

7.4 Applications

191

(28)

7.4.1 Linear Displacement Sensing

192

(7)

7.4.2 Angular Displacement Sensing

199

(2)

7.4.3 Object Tracking

201

(3)

7.4.4 Object Shape

204

(4)

7.4.5 Navigation

208

(3)

7.4.6 Force, Torque and Strain Sensing

211

(8)

8 Piezoelectric Sensors

219

(22)

8.1 Piezoelectricity

219

(9)

8.1.1 Piezoelectric Materials

219

(2)

8.1.2 Piezoelectric Parameters

221

(7)

8.2 Force, Pressure and Acceleration Sensors

228

(4)

8.2.1 Construction

228

(2)

8.2.2 Characteristics of Accelerometers

230

(2)

8.3 Interfacing

232

(2)

8.4 Applications

234

(7)

8.4.1 Stress and Pressure

235

(1)

8.4.2 Acceleration

235

(1)

8.4.3 Tactile Sensors

236

(5)

9 Acoustic Sensors

241

(34)

9.1 Properties of the Acoustic Medium

241

(4)

9.1.1 Sound Intensity and Pressure

242

(1)

9.1.2 Sound Propagation Speed

242

(1)

9.1.3 Acoustic Damping

243

(1)

9.1.4 Acoustic Impedance

244

(1)

9.2 Acoustic Sensors

245

(7)

9.2.1 General Properties

245

(3)

9.2.2 Electrostatic Transducers

248

(1)

9.2.3 Piezoelectric Transducers

249

(2)

9.2.4 Arrays

251

(1)

9.3 Measurement Methods

252

(7)

9.3.1 Burst

253

(2)

9.3.2 Continuous Sine Wave (CW)

255

(1)

9.3.3 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waves (FMCW)

256

(3)

9.3.4 Other Signal Types

259

(1)

9.4 Applications

259

(16)

9.4.1 Navigation

259

(5)

9.4.2 Inspection

264

(11)

Appendix A Symbols and Notations

275

(12)

A.1 The Electrical Domain

275

(2)

A.2 The Thermal Domain

277

(1)

A.3 The Mechanical Domain

277

(3)

A.4 The Optical Domain

280

(7)

A.4.1 Optical Quantities

280

(3)

A.4.2 Radiant Energy from a Unit Surface with Lambertian Emission

283

(1)

A.4.3 Derivation of Relations Between Intensity and Distance

284

(3)

Appendix B Relations Between Quantities

287

(8)

B.1 Generalized Equations

287

(2)

B.2 Application to Four Domains

289

(3)

B.3 Heckmann Diagrams

292

(3)

Appendix C Basic Interface Circuits

295

C.1 Operational Amplifier

295

(2)

C.2 Current-to-Voltage Converter

297

(1)

C.3 Non-Inverting Amplifier

298

(2)

C.4 Inverting Amplifier

300

(1)

C.5 Comparator and Schmitttrigger

301

(2)

C.5.1 Comparator

301

(1)

C.5.2 Schmitttrigger

302

(1)

C.6 Integrator and Differentiator

303

(4)

C.6.1 Integrator

304

(1)

C.6.2 Differentiator

304

(3)

C.7 Filters

307

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Prijs:	€ 88,95
Levertijd:	3 tot 5 werkdagen
Bindwijze:	Boek, Gebonden
Genre:	Civiele techniek

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