Man Cheung Chung is Professor of Psychology at Zayed University in the United Arab Emirates. He has a strong interest in philosophical psychology and has published widely in health and clinical psychology. His publications include Phenomenology and Psychological Science (with P.D. Ashworth, 2006) and Reconceiving Schizophrenia (with K.W.M. Fulford & G. Graham, 2007).

Michael E. Hyland is Professor of Health Psychology at Plymouth University. His interests span theoretical psychology, health psychology, and theory development in health psychology. His publications include Recent Trends in Theoretical Psychology (with W. Baker, R. Hezewijk, & S. Terwee, 1990) and Asthma Management for Practice Nurses (1998). He is also author of The Origins of Health and Disease (2011).

1 Introduction 1

2 God, Divine Forces and Who We Are 5

3 Psychology and Science: First Beginnings 34

4 Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Science 61

5 Further Early Beginnings of Psychology: Functionalism, Measurement and the Application of Psychology 88

6 The Würzburg School, the Gestalt Movement and the Idea of Emergent Properties 126

7 Behaviourism, and the Disappearance and Reappearance of Organism (Person) Variables 144

8 Behaviourism and Free Will 170

9 The Unconscious Mind: Freud and Jung and the ‘Talking Cure’ 186

10 Philosophical Critiques of Freudian Ideas 218

11 The Return of the Mind: Phenomenological and Existential Psychology and the Psychology of Ultimate Concerns 233

12 Existential and Phenomenological Philosophies 256

13 History of Clinical Psychology and Philosophy of Mental Health 270

14 How to Preserve Oneself: Part I 296

15 How to Preserve Oneself: Part II 322

16 The Qualitative Perspective: Social Constructionism, Critical Psychology, Hermeneutical Psychology and the Psychology of Common Sense 337

Notes 350

References 355

Index 392